Nouns
Nouns are flexible words, they have to be declined accordingly to
their gender, number, case and model.
Gender: Masculine, feminine or neuter
Number: Singular or plural
Case: Cases express the 'relationship' of the speaker to
the subject he/she is talking about. They are often made by the
use of prepositions, for example genitive is often used with the
preposition 'z' (from), dative 'k' (to) etc. There are no prepositions
used with the nominative and vocative cases. There are 7 grammatical
cases in Czech.
| 1st case – nominative |
Kdo? Co? |
| 2nd case – genitive |
Koho? Čeho? |
| 3rd case – dative |
Komu? Čemu? |
|
4th case – accusative
|
Koho? CO? |
| 5th case – vocative |
Kdo! CO! |
| 6th case – locative |
(o) Kom? Čem? |
| 7th case – instrumental |
(s) Kým? Čím? |
Model
Masculine animate (pán, muž, předseda, soudce)
Masculine inanimate (hrad/les, stroj)
Feminine (žena, růže,
píseň, kost)
Neuter (město, moře, kuře, stavení)
Adjectives
Adjectives change their form depending on their gender, number and case.
Gender – as nouns
Number – as nouns
Case – as nouns
Types of adjectives
Hard ending
Soft ending
Possessive
Pronouns
Pronouns are flexible words, however they are not required to determine the gender
in a sentence. The gender is usually determined by endings, prefixes
and other modifications of the verb used in the sentence. When we
talk about pronouns we indicate their:
Case
Number
Gender
Several types of Czech pronouns:
Personal – I(já), you
(ty), he(on), she(ona), it(ono), we(my), you(vy), they(oni, ony,
ona)
Possessive- my(můj), your(tvůj), his(jeho), her(její), their(náš, váš, jejich..)
Demonstrative – this (ten, tento, tenhle,
onen, takový…)
Interrogative – who (kdo), what(CO,
jaký, který, čí)
Relative – who (kdo), what(CO, jaký, který,
čí, jenž)
Indefinite – some one(někdo), something(něCO),
etc. některý, nějaký, něčí, ledakdo, kdokoli.
Negative – nobody (nikdo), nothing (nic),
etc. nijaký, ničí, žádný.
Numerals
Numerals are flexible, declined accordingly to their…
Case
Gender
Model
Types of Czech numerals
Cardinal – jedna, dva, tři, ctyři..... (one, two, three, four)
Ordinal - první, druhy, třetí, ... (first, second, third)
Generic – jedny, dvoje, troje….(a pair of, two pairs of, three pairs of)
Multiple – jednou, dvakrát, třikrát.. (once, twice, three times…)
Verbs
Verbs express activity, state or a change of the state. They are
flexible words, when we talk about verbs we indicate their:
Person
| 1st
- I (Já) |
1st
– we (my) |
|
2nd – you (ty)
|
2nd – you (vy) |
|
3rd – he/she/it (on, ona, ono)
|
3rd – they (oni, ony, ona) |
Number
Singular
Plural
Tense
Present
Past
Future
Mood
Indicative
Imperative
Conditional
Voice
Active
Passive
Aspect
Perfective
Imperfective
Category and models – verbs are conjugated according to the categories and models
below
1st category – ending
in 3rd person singular number – ‘e’ present (and past)
tense
hard: nese (nesl) bere (bral)
soft: maže (mazal) peče (pekl)
2nd category – ending in 3rd person singular – ‘ne’
hard: tiskne (tiskl), mine (minul), začNE (začal)
3rd category – ending in 3rd
person singular – ‘je’
hard: kryje (kryl), kupuje (kupoval)
4th category – ending in 3d person singular –‘í’
hard: prosí (prosil), trpí (trpĕl), sází (sázel)
5th category – ending in 3rd person singular – ‘á’
hard:
dĕlá (dĕlal)
Adverbs
Adverbs express closer characteristics and circumstances of events,
they are not flexible words.
1. place – there (tam)
2.time – late (pozdě)
3. manner - good (dobře)
4. reason – hence (proto)
5. a grade of quality – too (velmi)
Conjunctions
Conjunctions connect words or clauses, not flexible
co-ordinative – (a, i, ani, nebo, ale, avšak..
subordinative – (že, aby, když, jestliže..
Prepositions
Prepositions determine
the grammatical case and the ending of the noun that follows it, not
flexible
The most common prepositions: bez (without), do (in, into), k, ke, Ku (to, towards),
kolem (about, round), kromě, mezi, na, nad, od, po, pod, podél,
před, přes, s, se , u, v, ve, z, za, ze..
‘s’ – connects with 7th case
‘z’ – connects with 2nd case
Interjections
Interjections are
are not flexible words. Interjections espresss
Voices, noise (cink, iá, bú, bzzz, dup, prásk)
Moods, emotions (ach, brr, fuj, jé)
Point to something or someone (halo, oh, hej, hleď)
Particles
Particles express
wishes, interjection, wonder and injunction and indicate the type of sentence. Again
they are not flexible words.
